h2load(1)

SYNOPSIS

h2load [OPTIONS]... [URI]...

DESCRIPTION

benchmarking tool for HTTP/2 server

<URI>

Specify URI to access. Multiple URIs can be specified. URIs are used in this order for each client. All URIs are used, then first URI is used and then 2nd URI, and so on. The scheme, host and port in the subsequent URIs, if present, are ignored. Those in the first URI are used solely. Definition of a base URI overrides all scheme, host or port values.

OPTIONS

-n, --requests=<N>

Number of requests across all clients. If it is used with --timing-script-file option, this option specifies the number of requests each client performs rather than the number of requests across all clients. This option is ignored if timing-based benchmarking is enabled (see --duration option).

Default: 1

-c, --clients=<N>

Number of concurrent clients. With -r option, this specifies the maximum number of connections to be made.

Default: 1

-t, --threads=<N>

Number of native threads.

Default: 1

-i, --input-file=<PATH>

Path of a file with multiple URIs are separated by EOLs. This option will disable URIs getting from command-line. If '-' is given as <PATH>, URIs will be read from stdin. URIs are used in this order for each client. All URIs are used, then first URI is used and then 2nd URI, and so on. The scheme, host and port in the subsequent URIs, if present, are ignored. Those in the first URI are used solely. Definition of a base URI overrides all scheme, host or port values.

-m, --max-concurrent-streams=<N>

Max concurrent streams to issue per session. When http/1.1 is used, this specifies the number of HTTP pipelining requests in-flight.

Default: 1

-f, --max-frame-size=<SIZE>

Maximum frame size that the local endpoint is willing to receive.

Default: 16K

-w, --window-bits=<N>

Sets the stream level initial window size to (2**<N>)-1. For QUIC, <N> is capped to 26 (roughly 64MiB). It defaults to 24 (16MiB) for QUIC, and 30 for other protocols.

-W, --connection-window-bits=<N>

Sets the connection level initial window size to (2**<N>)-1.

Default: 30

-H, --header=<HEADER>

Add/Override a header to the requests.

--ciphers=<SUITE>

Set allowed cipher list for TLSv1.2 or earlier. The format of the string is described in OpenSSL ciphers(1).

Default: ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384

--tls13-ciphers=<SUITE>

Set allowed cipher list for TLSv1.3. The format of the string is described in OpenSSL ciphers(1).

Default: TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256:TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384:TLS_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256:TLS_AES_128_CCM_SHA256

-p, --no-tls-proto=<PROTOID>

Specify ALPN identifier of the protocol to be used when accessing http URI without SSL/TLS. Available protocols: h2c and http/1.1

Default: h2c

-d, --data=<PATH>

Post FILE to server. The request method is changed to POST. For http/1.1 connection, if -d is used, the maximum number of in-flight pipelined requests is set to 1.

-r, --rate=<N>

Specifies the fixed rate at which connections are created. The rate must be a positive integer, representing the number of connections to be made per rate period. The maximum number of connections to be made is given in -c option. This rate will be distributed among threads as evenly as possible. For example, with -t2 and -r4, each thread gets 2 connections per period. When the rate is 0, the program will run as it normally does, creating connections at whatever variable rate it wants. The default value for this option is 0. -r and -D are mutually exclusive.

--rate-period=<DURATION>

Specifies the time period between creating connections. The period must be a positive number, representing the length of the period in time. This option is ignored if the rate option is not used. The default value for this option is 1s.

-D, --duration=<DURATION>

Specifies the main duration for the measurements in case of timing-based benchmarking. -D and -r are mutually exclusive.

--warm-up-time=<DURATION>

Specifies the time period before starting the actual measurements, in case of timing-based benchmarking. Needs to provided along with -D option.

-T, --connection-active-timeout=<DURATION>

Specifies the maximum time that h2load is willing to keep a connection open, regardless of the activity on said connection. <DURATION> must be a positive integer, specifying the amount of time to wait. When no timeout value is set (either active or inactive), h2load will keep a connection open indefinitely, waiting for a response.

-N, --connection-inactivity-timeout=<DURATION>

Specifies the amount of time that h2load is willing to wait to see activity on a given connection. <DURATION> must be a positive integer, specifying the amount of time to wait. When no timeout value is set (either active or inactive), h2load will keep a connection open indefinitely, waiting for a response.

--timing-script-file=<PATH>

Path of a file containing one or more lines separated by EOLs. Each script line is composed of two tab-separated fields. The first field represents the time offset from the start of execution, expressed as a positive value of milliseconds with microsecond resolution. The second field represents the URI. This option will disable URIs getting from command-line. If '-' is given as <PATH>, script lines will be read from stdin. Script lines are used in order for each client. If -n is given, it must be less than or equal to the number of script lines, larger values are clamped to the number of script lines. If -n is not given, the number of requests will default to the number of script lines. The scheme, host and port defined in the first URI are used solely. Values contained in other URIs, if present, are ignored. Definition of a base URI overrides all scheme, host or port values. --timing-script-file and --rps are mutually exclusive.

-B, --base-uri=(<URI>|unix:<PATH>)

Specify URI from which the scheme, host and port will be used for all requests. The base URI overrides all values defined either at the command line or inside input files. If argument starts with "unix:", then the rest of the argument will be treated as UNIX domain socket path. The connection is made through that path instead of TCP. In this case, scheme is inferred from the first URI appeared in the command line or inside input files as usual.

--alpn-list=<LIST>

Comma delimited list of ALPN protocol identifier sorted in the order of preference. That means most desirable protocol comes first. The parameter must be delimited by a single comma only and any white spaces are treated as a part of protocol string.

Default: h2,http/1.1

--h1

Short hand for --alpn-list=http/1.1 --no-tls-proto=http/1.1, which effectively force http/1.1 for both http and https URI.

--h3

Short hand for --alpn-list=h3, which effectively forces HTTP/3.

--header-table-size=<SIZE>

Specify decoder header table size.

Default: 4K

--encoder-header-table-size=<SIZE>

Specify encoder header table size. The decoder (server) specifies the maximum dynamic table size it accepts. Then the negotiated dynamic table size is the minimum of this option value and the value which server specified.

Default: 4K

--log-file=<PATH>

Write per-request information to a file as tab-separated columns: start time as microseconds since epoch; HTTP status code; microseconds until end of response. More columns may be added later. Rows are ordered by end-of- response time when using one worker thread, but may appear slightly out of order with multiple threads due to buffering. Status code is -1 for failed streams.

--qlog-file-base=<PATH>

Enable qlog output and specify base file name for qlogs. Qlog is emitted for each connection. For a given base name "base", each output file name becomes "base.M.N.sqlog" where M is worker ID and N is client ID (e.g. "base.0.3.sqlog"). Only effective in QUIC runs.

--connect-to=<HOST>[:<PORT>]

Host and port to connect instead of using the authority in <URI>.

--rps=<N>

Specify request per second for each client. --rps and --timing-script-file are mutually exclusive.

--groups=<GROUPS>

Specify the supported groups.

Default: X25519:P-256:P-384:P-521

--no-udp-gso

Disable UDP GSO.

--max-udp-payload-size=<SIZE>

Specify the maximum outgoing UDP datagram payload size.

--ktls

Enable ktls.

--sni=<DNSNAME>

Send <DNSNAME> in TLS SNI, overriding the host name specified in URI.

--histogram

Plot histogram for performance statistics.

--tls-session-file=<PATH>

Read TLS session from <PATH>, and set it to all TLS connections to perform the session resumption. It is also used to store the new TLS session. At most one session is written to the given file.

--output-file=<PATH>

Write the measurement results to <PATH> in JSON format. This basically includes all numbers reported to the normal output. In addition, for performance measurements, all raw samples are included.

-v, --verbose

Output debug information.

--version

Display version information and exit.

-h, --help

Display this help and exit.

The <SIZE> argument is an integer and an optional unit (e.g., 10K is 10 * 1024). Units are K, M and G (powers of 1024).

The <DURATION> argument is an integer and an optional unit (e.g., 1s is 1 second and 500ms is 500 milliseconds). Units are h, m, s or ms (hours, minutes, seconds and milliseconds, respectively). If a unit is omitted, a second is used as unit.

OUTPUT

REQUEST METRICS

requests

total

The total number of requests h2load was instructed to make.

started

The number of requests initiated by the tool.

done

The number of requests that reached completion.

succeeded

Requests resulting in an HTTP 2xx or 3xx status code.

failed

The total number of failed requests. This includes both errored requests and requests that completed with a non-2xx/3xx status code.

errored

A subset of failed where the requests failed due to network-level issues (e.g., TCP resets, RST_STREAM) rather than HTTP status codes.

timeout

A subset of errored where the connection timed out before completion.

status codes

The specific count of received HTTP status codes categorized by class (2xx, 3xx, 4xx, 5xx).

TRAFFIC METRICS

traffic

total

Total application data bytes received "on the wire" (decrypted if using TLS).

headers

Total bytes used for response headers (pre-decompression).

space savings

Header compression efficiency, calculated as:

(1 - headers / decompressed_headers) * 100

where headers is the compressed size and decompressed_headers is the size after decompression.

data

Total bytes received in response bodies.

PERFORMANCE STATISTICS

Metric Definitions

request

The duration from sending the first byte of a request to receiving the last byte of the response.

connect

The time taken to establish a connection, including TLS handshakes.

TTFB

The duration until the first byte of application data is received from the server (decrypted if using TLS).

req/s

The requests per second measured individually across all clients.

min RTT

The minimum RTT (QUIC).

smoothed RTT

The smoothed RTT (QUIC).

packets sent

The number of packets sent (QUIC).

packets recv

The number of packets received (QUIC).

packets lost

The number of packets declared lost (QUIC).

GRO packets

The number of packets received in a single recvmsg call (QUIC).

Distribution Fields

min / max

The absolute minimum and maximum values recorded.

median

The 50th percentile value.

p95 / p99

The 95th and 99th percentiles, indicating tail performance.

mean

The arithmetic average of all samples.

sd

The standard deviation (measure of data dispersion).

+/- sd

The percentage of successful samples falling within one standard deviation of the mean (mean +/- sd).

FLOW CONTROL

h2load sets large flow control window by default, and effectively disables flow control to avoid under utilization of server performance. To set smaller flow control window, use -w and -W options. For example, use -w16 -W16 to set default window size described in HTTP/2 protocol specification.

SEE ALSO

nghttp(1), nghttpd(1), nghttpx(1)